An Overview of Alzheimers Disease and Dementia Essay

Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia Intro/Overview Section of Disease Paper â€Å"Horribly tragic, scary, slow, sad, maddening, etc.† These are words some would use when asked what Alzheimer’s/dementia is. This answer is common to those who have watched loved ones suffer from this disease that ultimately lead to their passing. As defined in McGraw Hill Medical Dictionary, Alzheimer’s Disease is a ‘progressive neurologic disease of the brain that causes irreversible loss of neurons and eventual dementia characterized by loss of memory, impairment of judgment, decision making, language use, and awareness of surroundings’(pg. 14). Dementia defined by the same dictionary is the ‘progressive loss cognitive function, usually associated with†¦show more content†¦In chapter 4 of the â€Å"Facts and Figures† report the aspect of care giving for patients with Alzheimer’s disease in thoroughly discussed. The number of Alzheimer and dementia caregivers, hours of unpaid care and economic value of the care by each state was researched and a chart depicts each sates breakdown. The overall total for just the United States is 10,987,887 caregivers who provide 12,513,005,548 unpaid hours of care, resulting in a total economic value for all 50 states of $143,899,563,806.00. These numbers are outrageous and will only continue to increase as those diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease grow. Mortality, Morbidity, Prevalence, Incidence Epidemiology Section of Disease Paper According to the 2010 studies and reports compiled in Alzheimer’s Associations â€Å"Facts and Figures†, Alzheimer’s Disease is the 7th leading cause of death and 5th leading cause of death for those over 65 years of age. 5.3 million people in the United States have this disease. This disease generally affects men and woman over 65. More woman than man have this disease but the reason for this is still debated. Some think more woman than men have Alzheimer’s disease because women tend to live longer than men. Others believe that a woman’s lack of college education is to blame for her disease. It is believed by some that those who have a college education have higher incomeShow MoreRelatedThe Stages and Treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesand Treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disease with many different stages that slows one’s lifestyle and has no real cure. Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. The disease first appears around the age of sixty. Studies have concluded that as many as 5.1 million Americans have Alzheimer’s disease. A person with Alzheimer’s loses connections between neurons in the brain (1). Scientists do not know exactly what causes Alzheimer’s, but scientists sayRead More Dementia and Alzheimers Disease Essay examples638 Words   |  3 PagesDementia and Alzheimers During an average lifetime, one can expect to have at least occasional memory lapses from time to time. Usually its something as simple as forgetting what you just did a few minutes ago, forgetting if you turned the stove off, or if you left your keys on the table or in the bathroom counter. Such lapses are relatively normal, but when they become a recurring theme, its a more serious problem. As people age, it is natural for them to experience a mild degree of memoryRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease Is The Most Common Form Of Dementia1086 Words   |  5 PagesDo you know what alzheimer’s disease is? Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. It is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, and the fifth leading cause of death in ages 65 and older. â€Å"2010 Alzheimer s Disease Facts and Figures. Rep. Vol. 6. Chicago: Alzheimer s Association, 2010. Print. Alzheimer s and Dementia.† This disease is the deterioration of the brain that can, and probably will lead to brain loss that cannot be reversed. It is a very slow decline thatRead MoreEssay Overview of Dementia1381 Words   |  6 PagesDementia is a syndrome, which is usually of a chronic or progressive nature, which causes deterioration in cognitive function. It goes beyond what is expected from normal aging. It causes changes in what you remember, like appointments, or pho ne numbers. It may cause you to get lost in a familiar setting like driving to the grocery store. You may not be able to balance your checkbook or add up your points in a card game. Communication becomes difficult; as you cannot find the words you want toRead MoreThe Chronic Neurological Disease : Alzheimer s Disease1649 Words   |  7 PagesNeurological Disease: Alzheimer’s Hollie Haywood South Piedmont Community College Abstract Alzheimer’s disease has been around since 1901; a German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer was the first man to identify and follow a case that is now known as Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is involved in synaptic deterioration and neuronal cell death, and causes degeneration in the hippocampus and amyloid deposition in blood vessels, ultimately cell death is the cause of the disease. There areRead MoreDementia and Alzheimer ´s Disease1636 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy, Alzheimer’s disease is a specific form of dementia. According to Alzheimer’s Association, dementia is a general term for a decline in mental ability that is severe enough to hinder daily life. Memory loss is a symptom of dementia and the most common type of dementia is Alzheimer’s. One of the most common and severe symptom of Alzheimer’s is difficulty remembering newly learned information. The changes of Alzheimer’s normally begin in the part of the brain that affects learning (Overview AlzheimersRead MoreAlzheimers Disease - the Silent Killer1089 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease – The Silent Killer â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"Do I know you?† Alzheimer’s disease is a very traumatic and disheartening disease that can affect loved ones in our families and relationships. I will be discussing the causes and prevention of this disease even though scientific facts and research are still being tested for validity. Alzheimer’s disease was first diagnosed to be a medical condition back in 1906 by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer identified this mental illnessRead MoreA Perspective On Alzheimer s Disease1610 Words   |  7 Pages A PERSPECTIVE ON ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Introduction Alzheimer s disease is the most common type of dementia, affecting almost 500,000 people in the UK. The term dementia describes a loss of mental ability associated with gradual death of brain cells (NHS, 2013). This essay, provides an overview of Alzheimer’s disease, focusing on the amyloid hypothesis, which states that the accumulation and deposition of fibrillar -amyloid (beta-amyloid) is the primary driver of neurodegenerationRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Decline1240 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a progressive decline in cognitive function. It affects the brain by damaging brain cells resulting in a decreased in cognitive function, physical mobility, swallowing and fine motor skills. This disease approximately 5.1 million Americans aged sixty-five or older (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of which approximately 700,000 will likely die this year (Alzheimer s Association, 2015) of related symptoms such as aspiration pneumonia due to decreased swallowing ability. TheRead MoreA Clinical Case Study On Mild Cognitive Impairment Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment according to theorist Jean Piaget. It overviews the three basic cognitive function of the brain. It explains several cognitive impairments related to the elderly. Last, it details cognitive assessment used to detection and measurement of cognitive impairments in the elderly. Case Study A 78-year-old woman presented to her primary care physician for a routine examination, the results of which indicated that her previously diagnosed chronic disease conditions-smoking-related emphysema and high

Management of Having an Alcoholic Parent Free Essays

Many kids feel that they can’t do anything when a parent is an alcoholic. In fact, almost every kid who has a parent who is an alcoholic feels that there is nothing they can do. You are wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Having an Alcoholic Parent or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many things that you can do if you just think about the situation. If your father/mother is abusing you when he/she drinks there is much that you can do. What about if your mother/father are in denial and he/she will not listen to you when you tell them that they need counseling. There are many sides in which you can take in order to help them solve their problems. One way people can go around a certain situation is to confront the alcoholic. By doing this you can see if they are in denial with the subject. This may cause some tension is some cases, but it is worth it to know if they are in that state or not of denial. If you do ask them and they do say, â€Å"Yes† than you should talk with him or her and see what do you think that you should do in order to stop drinking. Some people will however, get the ideas that you are trying to run their lives, and make a big scene. If you just do it with out blaming the person and allow them to answer then they will understand and be cooperative about the matter. Another way to try and help an alcoholic is to get them into rehab or counseling. In many cases this is the best and most convenient way to help out him/her with their problem. By doing this you are realizing that the person or people have a problem, and need help. Some people will get offended in this matter, but that is the risk that you have to take. If they do get offended they should see that right there they need help. If they do not get mad or angry than maybe they did not have a problem at all, and you made a mistake. There are many counseling opportunities that one can go to in-order to get help. The people that end up going to rehab, are the ones that still remain having the problem. In many cases rehab only makes matters worse. It is a good idea in certain situations, but teenagers should not be going to these places. It makes them feel worse and causes them to drink more often. The other way that you can help an alcoholic parent is to do what they say. Sometimes kids feel that if they do what they say it gives them the gratitude of power. So some kids do not listen and that causes some of the parents to drink more often and frequently. This is one of the worst things that you can do when it comes to an alcoholic parent. Not listening to them makes them feel that you don’t care about them at all. They think that you are thinking you can do what you want when you want to do it. It is not the case, but that is how an alcoholic parent sees it in his or her perspective. Yes there are many other ways you can approach an alcoholic parent, but these are the ways that I feel are most helpful. If you do come across and alcoholic the best thing you can do it to just be there for him/her when they need it. How to cite Management of Having an Alcoholic Parent, Essay examples

Psychology Media Violence and Aggression

Question: Discuss about the Psychology for Media Violence and Aggression. Answer: Introduction: Aggression is termed as the behavior that is hostile where a person exerts power over others in manner that violates the rights of others Generally speaking, aggression refers to any form of behavior that is directed to harm or cause injury to another living being who is motivated to avoid such hostile treatment. Analyzing the types of behaviors an individual exhibit, aggressive behaviors can be categorized into two broad categories encompassing reactive or proactive attitude. Reactive aggressive behaviors are generally unplanned and impulsive reactions to certain circumstances expressing anger, fear or desire to retaliate against somebody. Contrarily proactive aggressive behaviors are calculated, measured and intended actions that have specific motives other than just harming someone. In this regard, the concept of bullying may be cited as an example of proactive aggressive behavior (Krah, 2013). In general aggressive behaviors are characterized by behaviors and practices ranging fr om physical violence, verbal hostility, and nonverbal intimidation, to destruction of property in many cases. However, these aggressive characters in a person are not the resultant effect of just one day and seem to precipitate over many day time and warning signs include social exclusion or withdrawal, losing of temper, expression of violent behavior through writing or other art forms, unfair and unrealistic attitudes towards person. The aggressive forms of behaviors according to the social psychologists may be studied by virtue of many approaches. Self report, archival report and direct observational study methods both in the natural context as well as laboratory setting are some of the procedures followed to understand and analyze these types of behaviors in persons (Miller, 2015). Relevant studies also reveal that factors such as personality types, environmental types, upbringing conditions and certain intrinsic cultural values might influence the development of aggressive behavior in a person. However, the genetic component of aggressive behavior is a debatable issue and needs further exploration (Vassos, Collier, Fazel, 2014). In recent times, the influence of media violence in increasing the likelihood of aggressive behavior in a person have been extensively studied and theories, principles and models relating to such behavior need to be critically analyzed to get a better understanding of such behavioral projection that will be addressed elaborately in the subsequent sections (Anderson et al., 2003). The technological advancement in modern times has paved the way for the vast expansion of user accessibility to virtual and mass media sources. This seems to have impacted the behavioral pattern in persons who are exposed to these avenues of communication. One such aspect is evident in mass medias penetration to everyday life of people and evoking aggressive responses. Studies corroborate these findings that suggest through meta-analyses that violent media can accentuate angry feelings, physiological arousal, aggressive thoughts and behaviors. Such behaviors are attributed to the vision of the world as a hostile place by the concerned persons (Bushman, 2016). Instrumental aggression is the pivotal behavior getting affected in such persons and can be explained under the light of the cognitive neo-associationist model of aggression. This model highlights the effect of unpleasant event including frustration, social stress, pain and others that contribute to the inception of feelings lik e irritation, annoyance or anger (Smith, Mackie, Claypool, 2014). Evidences from empirical researches reveal that violent TV shows, playing violent video games or involvement in low levels of aggression during sports activities, listening to music with harsh and violent lyrics account for aggressive behaviors in persons through communication media serving as the point of generation of aggressive behaviors. However, only media exposure to violence is not the solo reason affecting how a person reacts and responds to a specific situation. Other confounding factors such as individuality of a person, socio-cultural upbringing and environment might also generate aggression in persons. A contradictory picture to what has been showcased through most of the investigations that media violence negatively affect persons behavior, a potent optimistic view has been opined out of other relevant researches where media promoting helping, educational and presocial messages can cause the aggressive b ehaviors to reduce and facilitate empathy and helping attitudes. Children are found to be much more prone to the effects of media violence due to increasing availability of multimedia portable devices. Adults exhibit practices of assault, gang fighting, intimate partner violence and robbery due to violent media exposure (Anderson et al., 2015). The differentiating responses under diverse media exposure may be discussed relating to the Social Learning Theory proposed by Bandura et al. The theory states that it might not occur always that frustration will lead to aggression but instead prepare an individual to cope up with a demanding or threatening situation. In this context aggressive response learning may find its application through reinforcement or by imitation or by modeling. Thus social learning emphasizes on the roles of modeling, identification and human interactions at the centre of its guiding principle. According to the proponents of this theory behavior is essentially a net effect of the interplay between cognitive and environmental factors, an ideology referred to as reciprocal determinism. Operant conditional learning as suggested in the theory can contribute to acquisition of different behaviors achieved through direct or indirect observation method (Argyle, 2013). Thus media violence generate out of multiple issues that culminate in showing aggression among persons. A deeper probe into the empirical researches concerning media violence and association with aggressive tendencies has indicated certain crucial aspects. Study suggests longitudinal cross-lagged relations between prosocial TV (content and duration) and prosocial and aggressive attitude during adolescence, and the mediating acts for empathic concern and self regulation. Behavior and prosocial personality are found to influence the media selection choice among the adolescents and feasibility of the target of the prosocial behavior need to be assessed in this matter. Results procured out of the study implied that media violence prompted aggressiveness among adolescents compared to their neutral counterparts (Padilla-Walker et al., 2015). Similar studies focusing on the impact of violent entertainment on viewer propensity to develop specific behavioral pattern mostly of aggressive nature did not report any conclusive statement at least with respect to short term influences within an exper imental setting. Violent TV programs accounted for influencing the cooperative behavior in a person to a wide extent although short term impact was found to be negligible. However, long term exposure to violent TV programs data did not predict the level of cooperative behavior that got affected in the process. Motivational factors affecting the association between violent media exposure and cooperative behavior were also assessed in such studies but failed to draw any strong evidence in support of the fact that these factors positively influenced behavior in persons (Ramos, Ferguson, Frailing, 2016). Another relevant study cross examined the behavioral effects of witnessing physical aggression in the media and the findings exhibit that viewing relational aggression on TV is longitudinally linked with future relational aggression. A bidirectional linkage between TV violence and physical aggression was established in course of time in the study (Coyne, 2016). Accumulating all the data from these prospective studies, the development of aggression through violent media viewing can be attributed by virtue of General Aggression Model (GAM). Integrating empirical evidences from psychological approaches carried out by means of correlational, experimental and longitudinal studies the basis of this model can be understood. GAM conceptualizes aggression as a consequence of personal and situational input variables eliciting affective, cognitive, emotional, physiological responses and behavioral outcomes (Sherif, 2015). Thus the model shows that development process is applicable to risk as well as resilience to human aggression. Aggressive personality generation is linked to repeated life encounters of varied types as per this model. Further, the model indicates that intrinsic aggressive behavior emanates from a combined effect due to integration of factors related to immediate situation and person posed circumstances. Hence, these findings can be c orroborated to the issue of media violence where desensitization procedures culminate in extinction of fear and anxiety reactions to violence in addition to decreased perception of injury severity, decreased attention to violent events, decreased sympathy for violence victims, reduced negative understanding about violence and increased belief that violence is normative thereby accounting for more aggression in those persons. Scrutinizing the effects of media over the altering behavioral outcomes in the concerned persons imply on the reality of harmful media violence affecting children and adolescents. Studies indicated high consensus regarding effects of screen media violence upon aggression particularly in the vulnerable population of children and adolescents that corroborate with the other exploratory researches. However, dearth of literature impeded the investigations concerning the harmful effects of print media violence on aggressive behaviors (Anderson et al., 2015). The negative impacts of media violence resulting in aggressive behaviors among the susceptible groups have been the topic of research in other investigations as well that violates the existing psychological and learning theories (Gentile, 2015). The combinatorial effect of violent media exposure and family conflict are also found to have a buffering impact in expressing aggressive behaviors in persons. These implications have been the focal theme in a pertinent study (Fikkers et al., 2013). Summarizing from the results obtained from these studies it was found that other contributing factors apart from exposure to media violence account for the development of aggressive behavior in some persons. The reasons for such behavioral patterns in the concerned persons may be discussed referring to Instinct Theory of Aggression formulated by the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud. The theory asserts that human behaviors are driven by sexual and instinctive desires and aggression is the repression of such libidinal urges (Langevin, 2014). Therefore, the aggressive behaviors arising out of a definite situation is the resultant effect of an innate, intrinsic response that finds its root in the biological system functioning. The biological approaches for understanding the aggressive behaviors comprise of the ethological concept, sociobiological aspect, behavior genetics and hormonal rationale for explaining aggression. Ethology states aggression in terms of internal energy released by external cues and relates to steam boiler model. Sociobiological aspect of aggression considers aggressive behavior as the product due to natural selection. Behavior genetics refers to aggression as being transmitted through genetic make-up. Hormonal explanation for aggressive behavior accounts for the influence of the male sex hormones and cortisol that stimulate aggressive tendencies under specific situations in the concerned individuals. Thus, instinctive behavior under relevant circumstance seems to profoundly impact the aggressive built up in persons. On further exploring the issues of media violence in arousal of aggressive behaviors in persons, certain key aspects were revealed that accounted for better insight into the matter. Studies relevant to this premise identified media violence as a key causal risk factor for aggressive behavior. The individual differences to attention problems and impulsiveness according to research evidences suggest a possible link between violence media and development of aggressive behavior. Attention problems and impulsiveness were particularly associated to instinctive aggression thereby registering a significant role in violent media effects on aggressive behavior (Swing Anderson, 2014). Other studies concerning impacts of media violence on aggression brought to the forefront the moderating effects of media violence and family conflict in contributing to elicitation of aggressive responses in adolescents conducted out of longitudinal studies. Double dose and buffering effects of family conflict w as the moderating influence of media violence on aggressive behaviors. (Fikkers, Piotrowski, Valkenburg, 2015). These empirical results can be analyzed with the help of Frustration Aggression Hypothesis. The theory states that the frustration is a condition in which the goal response undergoes impediment which in turn evokes aggressive behavior in the relevant subjects. Frustration seem to hamper as persons goal oriented attitude thereby thwarting his self esteem and depriving him of opportunities to achieve his targeted outcomes. This theory put forward by Miller Bollard identified that aggression is necessarily a direct consequence of frustration. Thus mitigation of frustration can harbor positive benefits in persons to eradicate the aggressive tendencies and other related mental health issues. The Zillmans Excitation Transfer Theory can be mentioned with respect to the expression of frustration that eventually leads to the production of aggressive reactions depending upon the situational demands. According to this theory, the presence of arousal from neutral source as well as absence of awareness with respect to the source of awareness account for the transfer of arousal in the forms of either intensified or un-intensified anger together with the stimulus received from frustration or provocative behaviors culminate in the development of aggressive tendency (Krah 2013). Hence, the frustration level kept in control will imply for less aggressive behavior generation. Media violence and other factors that might indirectly hamper the mental balance of a person therefore require to be adequately checked to evade the negative consequences of aggressive behavior. Comprehending from the discussions carried out in the preceding sections, scope for future intervention and research can be recommended utilizing suitable approaches and referring to relevant theories and principles. Media violence and its impact on aggression were found to be influenced by a common factor of frustration that severely challenged a persons behavior. In this context, a study concerning the adolescents highlighted the use of a 5 week school based intervention to drastically reduce the use of media violence, aggressive norms and behaviors sustained over several months (Mller, 2012). Further implications suggest that mindfulness based intervention can also account for generating improved outcomes in persons exhibiting aggressiveness due to media violence (Fix Fix, 2013). Considering the effects that media violence imparts upon persons behavior in terms of eliciting aggressiveness the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be suggested to modify and bring abou t positive changes in a persons attitude and perceptions. Violence due to media interference resulting in aggressive behavior can only be resolved taking into consideration all the possible confounding factors that debilitate the condition. References: Anderson, C. A., Andrighetto, L., Bartholow, B. D., Begue, L., Boxer, P., Brockmyer, J. F., Dill-Shackleford, K. (2015). Consensus on media violence effects: Comment on Bushman, Gollwitzer, and Cruz (2015). Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J. D., Linz, D., Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth.Psychological science in the public interest,4(3), 81-110. Anderson, C. A., Bushman, B. J., Donnerstein, E., Hummer, T. A., Warburton, W. (2015). SPSSI research summary on media violence.Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy,15(1), 4-19. Argyle, M. (2013).The social psychology of everyday life. Routledge. Bushman, B. J. (2016). Violent media and hostile appraisals: A meta?analytic review.Aggressive behavior. Coyne, S. M. (2016). Effects of viewing relational aggression on television on aggressive behavior in adolescents: A three-year longitudinal study.Developmental psychology,52(2), 284. Fikkers, K. M., Piotrowski, J. T., Valkenburg, P. M. (2015). Assessing the reliability and validity of television and game violence exposure measures.Communication Research, 0093650215573863. Fikkers, K. M., Piotrowski, J. T., Weeda, W. D., Vossen, H. G., Valkenburg, P. M. (2013). Double dose: High family conflict enhances the effect of media violence exposure on adolescents aggression.Societies,3(3), 280-292. Fix, R. L., Fix, S. T. (2013). The effects of mindfulness-based treatments for aggression: A critical review.Aggression and Violent Behavior,18(2), 219-227. Gentile, D. A. (2015). What is a good skeptic to do? The case for skepticism in the media violence discussion.Perspectives on Psychological Science,10(5), 674-676. Krah, B. (2013).The social psychology of aggression. Psychology Press. Langevin, R. (2014).Erotic preference, gender identity, and aggression in men: New research studies. Routledge. Miller, C. (2015). Lack of Virtue and Vice: Studies of Aggression and Their Implications for the Empirical Adequacy of Character. Mller, I., Krah, B., Busching, R., Krause, C. (2012). Efficacy of an intervention to reduce the use of media violence and aggression: An experimental evaluation with adolescents in Germany.Journal of youth and adolescence,41(2), 105-120. Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Collier, K. M., Nielson, M. G. (2015). Longitudinal relations between prosocial television content and adolescents prosocial and aggressive behavior: The mediating role of empathic concern and self-regulation.Developmental psychology,51(9), 1317. Ramos, R. A., Ferguson, C. J., Frailing, K. (2016). Violent entertainment and cooperative behavior: Examining media violence effects on cooperation in a primarily Hispanic sample.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,5(2), 119. Sherif, M. (2015).Group conflict and co-operation: Their social psychology(Vol. 29). Psychology Press. Smith, E. R., Mackie, D. M., Claypool, H. M. (2014).Social psychology. Psychology Press. Swing, E. L., Anderson, C. A. (2014). The role of attention problems and impulsiveness in media violence effects on aggression.Aggressive behavior,40(3), 197-203. Vassos, E., Collier, D. A., Fazel, S. (2014). Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies of violence and aggression.Molecular psychiatry,19(4), 471-477.

Scholarly Writing Skills free essay sample

Scholarly writing is known to be a type Of categorized writing and not superior to journalism or fiction. There are expectations, traditions and values that must be adhered to in this style of writing. According to Watson (201 0), experts in a particular field write articles using scholarly writing. These articles have a primary audience in the field of study. Hence, scholarly articles are written in a more advanced and refined manner than general writings. Scholarly writing is known to have an objective stance, which states the significance of a well-organized topic.The article is detailed effectively and provides for reproduction by other scholars with the same results (Para. 2). Learning what scholarly writing is and implementing guidelines of this style of writing will enable a scholar-practitioner to create successful articles personally and professionally. Analysis of Scholarly Writing The authors paragraph contains certain strengths and weaknesses in terms of appropriateness, bias, opinion, quality of evidence, and scholarly writing. We will write a custom essay sample on Scholarly Writing Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Initially, the paragraph lacks an explanation of a specific purpose for the topic of discussion. The author writes a brief synopsis regarding the availability of computers, based mostly on personal opinion. Only one source was quoted, which inferred a certain percentage of high school students used computers. This does not allot for any other category of society, which limits the ability to develop a proper theory. According to Crank, Lund, Steele and Meyers (2004), based on a scholarly atmosphere, noteworthy issues have been studied numerous times. Revisiting important areas, based on the analysis, theory and viewpoint is essential to quality scholarly writing.Repeating previously published information does not improve the body of knowledge (p. 9). The author does not offer an objective tone and appears to be repeating information read or heard by a certain source. The audience may not perceive the information as factual research, but merely a rehashing of previously published or verbally expressed information. Critical-type readers will examine evidence to prove the validity of information. It is important for a scholar-practitioner to consider scholarly writing consisting of researched- based evidence, and void of other individual opinions.The author does not use specific techniques such as counter-arguing comparing evaluating or extracting an analytical conclusion in the paragraph of information. The paragraph would most likely fail to persuade a critical- type reader to believe the information is accurate, current and trustworthy. The author must learn to become a critical-thinker, when collecting data for this and any other article. Assertions must be stated clearly and concisely with solid, objective evidence. The information given does not properly inform, engage or persuade the audience firmly to believe the significance of arsenal computers.Quite frankly, technological can be a tedious subject, so it is the responsibility of the author to present interesting factual evidence to inform and persuade the audience. The author states an opinion regarding poverty-stricken individuals can save enough money these days to buy a computer. There is no researched-based evidence supporting whether or not poverty-stricken individuals can save enough money to buy a computer, nor if this category of individuals have a true need for a computer. In conclusion, the author did not show valid, factual evidence to confirm the Roth or use of personal computers.

Are There Any Conclusions Example

Are There Any Conclusions Example Are There Any Conclusions – Book Report/Review Example Philosophy Responses I take the popularity of existentialism as a sign that many people were casting off or at least questioning the dominant values of culture and society. I disagree that we must conclude that there are no objective values although I do agree with Sartre that the responsibility for deciding or decoding those values lies with the individual and must be discovered through a subjective process. If Sartre is right the burden of â€Å"creating our own essence† falls upon us whether we like it or not and requires taking responsibility for all our decisions. The implications of each person taking responsibility and defining themselves could be both positive and negative. On positive people could not avail themselves to an outside ideology in order to justify their actions. Whether the result of an action is pleasant or unpleasant it falls to the individual to at least take moral possession of their own actions. On the negative some people may choose actions that are unpleasant or harmful to others. I think it is a mistake to say that existentialism would free people in a moral sense any more than people who simply choosing to do harm under other philosophies. People are still morally responsible to themselves, and it would not prevent society from providing disincentives to harmful actions. I don’t know whether there are objective standards, but I do think there are some basic tenants that when followed make society better. Things like one should not cause harm for no reason. My intuition is that moral statements like these are eternal, but to some extent these must rely on ideas like reciprocity. Beliefs and knowledge are the tools, boundaries as and set goals for us as we navigate the world. In the end I think philosophy should be viewed as a tool to analyze the world. Regardless of what a philosophy says, the method behind the conclusions can be useful even I disagree with the conclusion.

Night Collecting Insects With a Black Light Sheet

Night Collecting Insects With a Black Light Sheet Entomologists often collect night-flying insects using a black light and sheet. The black light is suspended in front of a white sheet. Insects attracted to ultraviolet light fly toward the light, and alight on the sheet. Professional night collecting equipment often consists of a durable white sheet attached to a collapsible frame, constructed from aluminum tubes like to the frame of a camping tent. The black light is suspended from a cord running from the top of the sheet to the ground, or is mounted on a tripod on one or both sides of the sheet. For an amateur insect collector, purchasing this equipment can be expensive. You can make your own night collecting equipment to save money. While your homemade collecting equipment might take a little longer to set up, it will work just as well as equipment purchased commercially. You will need: a length of rope, long enough to span the width between two trees in your chosen collecting areaa black lightan old white sheetclothespins (optional)a power source for your light, if its not battery-operated Tie the rope so it spans between two trees, at about eye level. Make sure you tie it securely, so it will hold the weight of your sheet without drooping. Drape the white sheet over the rope, allowing 1-2 feet of the sheet to lie horizontally on the ground. Some insects prefer to land on vertical surfaces, while others like horizontal surfaces. The latter group will collect on the part of your sheet that is lying on the ground. If your sheet is not long enough, you may need to attach the sheet to the rope using clothespins to allow extra length on the ground. Black lights sold by science or entomology supply companies tend to be more rugged and last longer for outdoor use. You may be able to buy a less expensive black light from a discount or party supply store. If you dont have a black light, you can use an incandescent light, a portable fluorescent light, or even a camping lantern, and still get a good result. Suspend your black light in front of the sheet, near the top. You can tie the light from a branch using some extra rope, or run another length of rope between the trees and attach the light to it. If you use a battery-operated light, you will have more flexibility in locating your collecting sheet. A light that uses AC power may require a long extension cord. At dusk, turn your light on. Monitor the sheet periodically, checking for interesting specimens to collect or photograph. You can use forceps or an aspirator to collect moths, beetles, or other insects that land on your sheet without damaging them.

Cognitive Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cognitive Bias - Essay Example Ability to recognize cognitive bias is of utmost importance in order to conduct any qualitative behavioural research. Cognitive bias can reduce or even spoil the findings of a research having a solid research design structure. While conducting cognitive bias it is important for the researchers to be aware of cognitive bias on both sides. The real course of concern is that the quantification of emotion using cognitive interpretation is likely to be flawed. Contemporary measurement methods like focus group, questionnaire surveys are used to ask questions to the respondents. But when a respondent is asked a written or verbal question, the chances of being exposed to cognitive bias is very high. Groupthink also known as herd behaviour or bandwagon effect occurs when the group members reduce the personal beliefs to maintain cohesiveness among the group. In a group a certain individual may feel out of the comfort zone if the personal point of views does not match that of the others. Theref ore the group’s member may go with the accord of the others. Another kind of cognitive bias is termed as the availability bias. When the participants are asked certain questions, the respondents are most likely recalling the recent experiences of such instances that come to mind very quickly.

The Guardian of Every Other Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Guardian of Every Other Right - Essay Example Property ownership is a complex and a serious issue all over the world. In United States also, it is considered as a serious issue. There are few controversies on this issue from the beginning. From the beginning means that from the colonial rule to the present day, the ownership of land is though to be a controversial and contentious issue. The book deals with the subject very thoroughly and gives an overview of the laws, ideologies and politics involve in this issue. And also the political and economical change that occurs due to the land and property issue and how these changes affect the constitution and the thoughts behind the constitution. The write provided a clear and comprehensive view about the historical prospective of the property rights issue. How these property right issues were resolved in the colonial rule and also in the democratic issues. According to Ely, there is a link between the private property rights and the political scenario or the political autonomy, because these issues cannot be resolved without the help of government. Government must interfere with people and public to make their contracts and to put some conditions before the transfer of any property. The laws and private contracts were modified as the US society and politics became modernized and industrialized. The writer highlighted and explained the constitutional standing and laws over the property issues. The constitution does provide some rules and rights over the property owners. As US got industrialized, the laws and legal developments were made during 1990's. The writer focused his attention and gave his views about those property rights which were provided legally to the property owners. He discussed in detail about the judicial decisions and the important legislations that took place in 1990's regarding the property rights. The decisions that were taken by the legislators and the explanations which were further made on the same regard, all are discussed by the writer. The writer himself seems to have a lot of knowledge about the legislations and laws for property rights. The writer's knowledge and comprehension about the subject plays an important role in any book. Writer can explain and express his ideas in a better way if he/she holds a command over the subject. Ely tells about the legal developments and enhancements made during the last era over the property rights. Supreme Court paid special attention to the issue and tried to introduce some amendments in the law so that public can easily go through these cases. The main emphasis was to cut this process shorten so that the time and money of people could be saved. Due to Supreme Courts final decisions in some cases, people felt the need of some laws or amendments in the previous laws for the protection of property and also the property owners. This came under the Fifth Amendment. The important thing over here is that the role of Federal Authority was examined and public became curious that what the Federal Authority has to do with these laws and what is their stance over the issue. Their role was examined mainly in context of commerce clause and also the noticeable advancements made at the state level. The book gave a clear picture and a complete knowledge about the history and innovations in the property laws under the Constitution. The information is provided over

American football and Initial Velocity Essay Example for Free

American football and Initial Velocity Essay 1. A stone is thrown horizontally at a speed of from the edge of a cliff in height. How far from the base of the cliff will the stone strike the ground? 2. A toy truck moves off the edge of a table that is high and lands from the base of the table. a. How much time passed between the moment the car left the table and the moment it hit the floor? b. What was the horizontal velocity of the car when it hit the ground? 3. A hawk in level flight above the ground drops the fish it caught. If the hawk’s horizontal speed is , how far ahead of the drop point will the fish land? 4. A pistol is fired horizontally toward a target away, but at the same height. The bullet’s velocity is . How long does it take the bullet to get to the target? How far below the target does the bullet hit? 5. A bird, traveling at , wants to hit a waiter below with his dropping (see image). In order to hit the waiter, the bird must release his dropping some distance before he is directly overhead. What is this distance? 6. Joe Nedney of the San Francisco 49ers kicked a field goal with an initial velocity of at an angle of . a. How long is the ball in the air? Hint: you may assume that the ball lands at same height as it starts at. b. What are the range and maximum height of the ball? 7. A racquetball thrown from the ground at an angle of and with a speed of lands exactly later on the top of a nearby building. Calculate the horizontal distance it traveled and the height of the building. 8. Donovan McNabb throws a football. He throws it with an initial velocity of at an angle of . How much time passes until the ball travels horizontally? What is the height of the ball after seconds? (Assume that, when thrown, the ball is above the ground. ) 9. Pablo Sandoval throws a baseball with a horizontal component of velocity of . After seconds, the ball is above the release point. Calculate the horizontal distance it has traveled by this time, its initial vertical component of velocity, and its initial angle of projection. Also, is the ball on the way up or the way down at this moment in time? 10. Barry Bonds hits a home run that lands in the stands at an altitude above its starting altitude. Assuming that the ball left the bat at an angle of from the horizontal, calculate how long the ball was in the air. 11. A golfer can drive a ball with an initial speed of . If the tee and the green are separated by , but are on the same level, at what angle should the ball be driven? (Hint: you should use at some point. ) 12. How long will it take a bullet fired from a cliff at an initial velocity of , at an angle below the horizontal, to reach the ground below? 13. A diver in Hawaii is jumping off a cliff high, but she notices that there is an outcropping of rocks out at the base. So, she must clear a horizontal distance of during the dive in order to survive. Assuming the diver jumps horizontally, what is his/her minimum push-off speed? 14. If Monte Ellis can jump high on Earth, how high can he jump on the moon assuming same initial velocity that he had on Earth (where gravity is that of Earth’s gravity)? 15. James Bond is trying to jump from a helicopter into a speeding Corvette to capture the bad guy. The car is going and the helicopter is flying completely horizontally at . The helicopter is above the car and behind the car. How long must James Bond wait to jump in order to safely make it into the car? 16. A field goal kicker lines up to kick a yard field goal. He kicks it with an initial velocity of at an angle of . The field goal posts are meters high. a. Does he make the field goal? b. What is the ball’s velocity and direction of motion just as it reaches the field goal post (i. e. , after it has traveled in the horizontal direction)? 17. In a football game a punter kicks the ball a horizontal distance of yards . On TV, they track the hang time, which reads seconds. From this information, calculate the angle and speed at which the ball was kicked. (Note for non-football watchers: the projectile starts and lands at the same height. It goes yards horizontally in a time of seconds) Answers to Selected Problems 1. 2. a. b. 3. 4. below target 5. . 6. a. . b. 7. 8. seconds, meters 9. ; on the way up 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. seconds 16. a. yes b. @ degrees from horizontal 17. @ degrees.

Enigma Outline :: essays research papers

Enigma Outline I. Flash back A. The main character Jericho is staying in Cambridge at the college. B. Jericho has a flash back. C. The flash back is of when he was talking to Atwood. D. March 12, his office comes and gets him. II. Shark A. Jericho goes back to Bletchley to work on the enigma. B. He is taken there by Logie. C. He is taken back to his old hut. D. Jericho looks at the codes called shark. E. Jericho can’t break the code. F. Jericho sees Clair, the reason he left. F. Jericho tries to hit Skinner after a meeting, but this just makes skinner mad. III. The Old House Gives Clue A. Jericho flashes back to the first time he met Clair on the train. B. He has another flash back. C. Jericho goes to her old house to look for her. D. Jericho searches Claire's room, where he finds stolen cryptograms. IV. Solution A. Jericho has another flashback of when Clair leaves him. B. Jericho runs into Hester while he is looking for Clair. C. Tom figures out that if the navy ships give up there position the U-boats can send code. Then he can solve the code by putting it into the decoding machine. V. Major Heaviside A. Hester and Tom meet again to discuss the codes. B. They go to see Major Heaviside, so they can get more of the codes. VI. Cracked Code A. Tom gets the opportunity to start to solve their code when the U-boats attack the convoy. B. At the end of the night, they put the codes in the bombes so they can decipher them. C. Tom uses the information that Hester gave him earlier to figure them out. D. When decoded they say that over 3000 Polish soldiers were killed in a Soviet Camp. E. Tom asks puck about this but he chases him off. F. As they run off the train they are both shot down by Wigram's officers.

How Are Women Represented in British Sitcom Peepshow

How are women represented in the British Sitcom PeepShow Introduction I have looked at how women are represented in Peep Show, a British Situation Comedy based around two very different friends that share a flat in London. The majority of situations they get into involve their attempts to seduce or gain affection from the women they either love or have a fleeting obsession with. The reason I decided to analyse Peep Show is because its two main characters are so contrasting in ethics, morals, life style choices and attitudes towards women that it allows for an interesting look into how women are represented.I also feel that women in comedy on a whole are underrepresented. Literature review The literary resources I will be drawing upon include and article by Jack Glascock from the Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media(2001). In which he looks at gender roles on primetime television and focuses on the shift in representation from the seventies gender roles on primetime television . The article is both theoretical and statistical and provides an interesting overview of gender on screen. I will also be looking at the work of Brett Mills.I will look at two of his works one is a journal article in the Oxford Journal Screen. Also looking at his book, The Sitcom. Brett Mills is an expert in the sit com arena, with several journals and books on similar subjects, he offers a contemporary look at British sitcom, including Peep Show. Methodology I had several issues when approaching the method of my research. The first issue was that in order to do a focus group, I would have to pick specific episodes to show people. By choosing a specific episode, I would by default be cherry picking the content and with that content cherry picking the ideology of the episode.I therefore decided to pick an episode at random, so I could try to eradicate the possibility of me picking an episode that would reinforce my own opinions. The episode â€Å"The Local Zero† was then sho wn to two male and one female. These three participants had never seen an episode of Peep Show before, they there for were briefed on the general narrative: i. e that Mark and Jeremy are friends that live together in a flat. I also did not tell them specifically what I was trying to find out; I then asked them a series of questions.Not all specific to gender, however the majority were pin pointed towards gender. The focus group gave me an unbiased first account of what people thought if they were to just turn on the television for the first time and see an episode of Peep Show. Would they think that the show they had just watched represented women positively or negatively? They would have no bias or favouritism towards the characters. So it was a raw first thoughts approach, that was both useful and a hindrance. I balanced this out with a general textual analysis of the series. AnalysisAs I mentioned in my methodology the focus group consisted of people that had not seen Peep Show p reviously. I showed them an episode in which Jeremy is troubled by his girlfriend’s new found wish for abstinence and Mark is still trying to win the heart of Sophie, the woman he works with, by fighting off the competition. The two female characters we are then presented with are Sophie and Nancy. Nancy is an American Christian who wants Jeremy to break sexual taboos after being criticised by Mark for not following her religion; she decides abstinence to be the last sexual taboo.When I asked the focus group who the least likeable character was they all eventually agreed on Nancy, when asked why a participant stated she was â€Å"just annoying† a statement again that was agreed on. In the episode she comes across as a bit stupid. In response to her abstinence Jeremy pretends that he is fine with it, although in Peep Show you can hear the thoughts of Mark and Jeremy. One of the participants noted when how positive the interaction between men and women was, one participa nt said â€Å"not very as they think one thing and tell the women another. It is the deceitful attitude towards women they use in order to gain either affection or sex. In Jeremy’s case he lies about being religious in order to continue to have sex. However Jeremy was not the least likeable character even though he lied to his girlfriend. I asked the question whether they felt the interests and attitudes of female characters reflected real interests and attitudes of real women, the response was undecided. Feminists of the 1970s were concerned about the narrow range of representations of women offered in the media and argued that these were often ‘negative’ stereotypes.So, for instance, much advertising was taken to task for restricting representations of women to only a few roles, primarily the wife and mother, the housewife and the sex object. This approach focused on the power of ideology as a force and a mechanism. (Fisk, 1987) Although Peep Show is a contemp orary text, we have to wonder whether there is that diverse roles with the characters within. Nancy can be seen as the sex object, although throughout the series there are many similar characters that Jeremy has fleeting relationships with.Sophie (Marks love interest) in later episodes becomes the â€Å"nagging wife† as he decides he doesn’t want to marry her and doesn’t want her child. There are very few female characters in Peep Show that seem to break theses boundaries. Gender issues have been of concern within the study of television. These concerns have primarily taken two forms. First, there has been the question of representation, which initially focused on how television stereotyped, under-represented or misrepresented women.As a extremely popular show I felt it was important to analyse how women were represented, especially in comedy as a whole, the lack of strong female characters in comedy is apparent not only on television and in film, but also on th e stage although it in improving. If you look at Space (c4,1999) the representation is balanced, the formatting is the same in that two friends share a flat but one is female and one is male, the minor characters are also more balanced and interestingly the writing was done by both Simon Pegg and Jessica Stevens something I will touch upon later.In later series Mark befriends a colleague called Dobby. Nick naked so because of her likeness to the â€Å"house elf† from Harry Potter. A nickname that does not associate with beauty or power but that of an elf and a male elf. Dobby is the tom boy character, she is not referred to as attractive, is into typically male orientated activities such as computer games , Mark begins to like her because she makes references to things that he would also make reference to. She is like him and he is amazed that a woman knows about or is interested in the same things as him.So it would be interesting to note that while she is a character that M ark relates to and befriends rather than obsesses over, she is considered strange looking. This can be seen throughout films and television, the idea of desexualised women because she gains male characteristics. The representation of women in Peep show can be assessed in two ways, by looking literally at the roles of female characters and by looking at the attitudes and relationships men have with women and vice-versa.Peep Show’s two main characters are male; the female characters are not necessarily permanent, although Sophie is in it from the beginning. The other female characters tend to come in depending on the episode. Female representation in the media and in television in particular, may correspond to inequities behind the scenes. (Glascock,2001 ) If as Glascocks findings show the direct correlation between women behind the scenes and women on screen could it be then that this explains the lack of female representation on screen, or the lack of solid and permanent fema le characters at least.By looking at the cast and crew information as listed on IMDB, all episodes have been written by men, all episodes have been produced by men , however it also states that it was a female that has directed a majority of the episodes. Interesting to note that as stated earlier Spaced ( c4, 1999) was co wrote by a female. The interaction between Mark, Jeremy and the female characters has two sides to it. You have Mark who is ultimately the â€Å"romantic† he obsesses with women down to minute details; he is the shy and awkward geek looking for the one. However you have Jeremy who is a hap hazard womaniser.Yet what makes them so likeable is their foolish nature. While the progression of female characterizations on television has been noted, the pendulum may have swung the other way for male depictions. Frequently criticized have been made-for-television movies featuring males as abusive psychopaths (Kloer, 1996; Stein, 1994; Zurawik, 1996) and situation com edies in which â€Å"guys run the gamut from insufferable to useless† (Glascock,2001) Due to Peep Shows popularity it could be said that the characters are not â€Å"insufferable† however because they never fail to make tremendous mistakes, it could be said that they are â€Å"useless†.This contrast with the useless, clumsy and likeable Mark and Jeremy, and the uptight relatively rigid female characters creates an overall impression of forgettable female characters. In some respects the women in Peep Show act as mother figures and Mark and Jeremy act as the child, the relationships are there for usually relationships that don’t last because they are told off or make a mistake and the women are then completely repelled by them.In order to see what extent the female characters in Peep Show can be deemed stereotypical I first looked at the definition of stereotype : A process involving the expression of an exaggerated belief about a group that serves to qual ify of justify the conduct towards that group of those who hold and express that belief (Long and Wall, 2009) Using this definition I applied it to the female character â€Å"Nancy† in the episode I showed focus group. Starting with Nancy, the beautiful blonde, does she fit the dumb blonde stereotype? I would say yes, in the program she says â€Å"God wanted us to have fun that’s why he invented pills†¦ in a genuinely serious voice. Is this an â€Å"exaggerated belief†? I would propose that very few religious people would actually claim that God condones drug taking. Sitcoms; the genre criticised for its simplistic use of stereotypes, outmoded representations and an apparent failure to engage with social or political development (Mills, 2004) Yet I wouldn’t say the character are stereotypical men. They are very self-aware, self-depreciating, they also make frequent remarks about there in lack of strength, lack of manliness. In the episode shown to t he focus group, Mark says â€Å" ‘Mate’†¦ he universal word for befriending taxi drivers, and bouncers† as he tries to fit in with some security guards. He has a sort of inferiority complex and yet acknowledges at the same time that he is middle class. Perhaps then he fits the stereotype of the middle class man, Jeremy often attacks him for his love of typically â€Å"middle class food† such as olives and humus. Yet they share a flat together and don’t really have much money. Additionally Peep Show has been noted for its naturalistic style, it is set in a point of view narrative, where we are positioned as different characters at different times.Bret Mills further explore Peep Show in his book The Sitcom. In which he suggests: Peep Show is better placed in the realist/naturalist category than as a comedy of distinction, because of its gloomy colours for its downplayed performances suggests a kind of naturalism. If we see Peep Show as a realist text then we are to assume to sort of ideology that must also closely reflect the real world. As Mark says in the episode where he marries Sophie â€Å" this has to be a dream, nothing this bad happens in real life. † He reinforces the realist feel of the comedy. Representations give substance to ideology.Textual analysis reveals ideology in action. The femme fatale is about gender and power. It is about the male fear of being; unmanned; by the sexual power of the woman, a fear of losing control. (Burton,2004) If Peep Show is a realist view, the ideology within it by default must also be deemed a natural point of view. Although they are exaggerations of characters like them, there interaction with the world are deemed quite natural and realistic. As Burton quotes â€Å"that representation gives substance to ideology† how we represent certain groups of society gives force to ideology.Because of Peep Shows critic of society I would say that it did not promote dominant id eology. I would however say it was negotiated; it promoted new and forward thinking ways, yet with regards to women, it does not promote anything other than dominant ideology. It remains true that in critical studies the concepts of difference and of otherness are often used to emphasize the negative: sameness and difference are marked both symbolically through representational systems, and socially through the inclusion or exclusion of certain groups of people Conclusion.To conclude, I feel that Peep Show does not necessarily represent women in a bad way, it rather under represents them. What is shown in a derogatory light is the relationships between men and women, the women are often sexualised. Whilst the research I have done has proved useful it has not necessarily helped me to come to a solid conclusion. Bibliogrpahy Books 1. CALVERT, Ben; Lewis, Justin; French, Liam; Casey, Bernadette; Casey, Neil. (2007). Television Studies: The Key Concepts. Taylor & Francis. 2. BURTON. (20 04). Media And Society: Critical Perspectives.Open University Press. 3. FISKE, J. (1987): Television Culture. London: Routledge 4. MILLS, B. (2009). The sitcom. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. 5. LONG, P. , & WALL, T. (2009). Media studies: texts, production, and contexts. Harlow [u. a. ], Pearson Longman. . Journals. 6. GLASCOCK,J 2001, ‘Gender Roles on Prime Time TV’, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, Fall 2001. 7. MILLS, B 2004, ‘Comedy Virite’ Oxford Journal Screen, Vol 45, no 1, Pp 63-78 Websites 8. Wikipedia, List of Peep Show episodes, http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/List_of_Peep_Show_episodes (as of May 22, 2011, 16:05 GMT). 9. International Movie Database, Full Cast and Crew, Peep Show, http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0387764/fullcreditscast (as of May 22, 2011, 16;06 GMT). Television Programs PeepShow, September 2003-, video, Channel Four, United Kingdom Spaced, 1999-2001, Video, Channel Four, United Kingdom Appendices. Focus Group Transcript. Peep Show Episode â€Å"Local Zero† What kind of relationships do you think are explored in Peep Show? Participant A: Friendship. Participant C: Sexual, love.How positive is the interaction between men and women? Participant B:They were all being fake to one another they were thinking one thing and saying something else†¦ made up. Which character including minor characters would you say was the most like able? All: Mark. Lest Likeable? Participant A: The homeless man†¦ he didn’t do anything [laughs] Participant B :No I would say the girl†¦ the American girl.. Participant C: Yeah she doesn’t do anything. Yeah even Sophie doesn’t. Partcipant A: Actually yeah, Nancy. Would you say peep show was a realistic portrayal of men’s attitudes towards women.Partipant B: I think so†¦ Participant A: I would say some not most Participant c: Yeah but guys think that even if you say no that really you would like them its just a matte r of time, What social class would you place Jeremy? Participant C: What are the classes? Participant B: I would say lower class he doesn’t work Participant A:No i would say he is middle. Particpant B :He would be middle but lazy. Participant C: Yeah manybe. What are the main concerns of Mark of Jeremy? Particpant C: Women [laughs] Particpant B: Yeah sex.Participant A: I agree Just sex, women. Do you think the characters Mark and Jeremy have a respectable attitude towards women? Participant C: Yeha maybe Mark, not the other one. Jeremy he just lied. Participant A:Yeah I agree Mark maybe but not Jeremy. Would you say that the female characters attitudes and interests reflect real women’s attitudes and interests? Participant C: It is hard to say, they were extremes. Participants B: Yeah, It is not really clear what they think. Participant A: You don’t hear their thoughts so you don’t get any idea about them.

Warfare In The Information Age Commerce Essay

The paper is focused on alterations occurred in military organisations in Information Age. During Industrial Age the military construction of forces evolved harmonizing with rules of decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, deconfliction, centralized planning, and decentralised executing. But now the solutions based upon Industrial Age premises and patterns will interrupt down and neglect in the Information Age. This will go on no affair how good intentioned, hardworking, or dedicated the leading and the force are. Two cardinal force capablenesss needed by Information Age armed forcess are interoperability and legerity. Both interoperability and legerity are provided by Network centric warfare theory of war. â€Å" Ages † are proclaimed when something happens to do a discontinuity in multiple dimensions that affect civilisation. Economicss and power are historically closely related. What distinguish the Information Age from the Industrial Age are the economic sciences of information and the nature of the power of information. With the coming of the Information Age, there is an chance to supply widespread entree to information-related services and capablenesss merely dreamed about in old epochs. This increased entree to information provides an chance to rethink the ways that we organize, manage, and control. For the really first clip in history the information power burst the efficiency at such degree which is really hard and expensive to be overcome by mass. The original principle, cognition is power, conveyed the impression that an person ‘s worth was related to their ownership of information. The more exclusivity associated with the ownership, the more valuable the information. Hence, information was a trade good like any other trade good, whose value was related to scarceness. Individual and organisational behaviours reflected this value paradigm. Hoarding information and working its scarceness have been the norm for some clip. These behaviours can no longer be tolerated because the economic sciences of information have changed. With the cost of information and its airing dropping dramatically, information has become a dominant factor in the value concatenation for about every merchandise or service. As the costs bead, so make the barriers to entry. Hence, rivals in many spheres are prehending on the chance provided by â€Å" inexpensive † information and communications to redefine concern procedures and merchandises. These tendencies apply to the kingdom of national security every bit good. Information Age constructs and engineerings are being adopted by many states. The military response to the Information Age is Network Centric Warfare.Industrial Age bequestThe term network-centric warfare loosely describes the combination of schemes, emerging tactics, techniques, and processs, and organisations that a to the full or even a partly networked force can use to make a decisive war contending advantage. The key to understand the term web centric warfare is command and control ( C2 ) attack. Command and Control ( C2 ) is the common military term for direction of forces and resources. The rules underlying traditional bid and command apply non merely to Industrial Age warfare, but besides to Industrial Age economic systems and concerns, are decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, deconfliction, centralized planning, and decentralised executing. The rule of decomposition is using a â€Å" divide and conquer † outlook to all jobs. The patterns of dividing combat into land, sea, and air ( and infinite ) , are an illustration of break uping warfare into manageable pieces. If a sound set of decompositions is made, so these organisational subsets of the organisation can develop professional fortes that help the overall organisation to execute its mission and accomplish its aims. In military personal businesss, specialisation ( creative activity of calling subdivisions and really specialised organisations ) enabled much more efficient calling development and preparation. During military operations, the specialised capablenesss frequently generated capacities that merely could non be created by groups of Renaissance mans. The organisational effect of Industrial Age specialisation is hierarchy. The attempts of persons and extremely specialised entities must be focused and controlled so that they act in concert to accomplish the ends of the larger organisations that they support. The size and the figure of degrees that separate the leader ( s ) of an endeavor and the specializers that are needed to carry through the undertakings at manus are a map of the overall size of the endeavor and the effectual span of control. The figure of beds is a map of the span of control. As the span of control lessenings, the figure of beds that are needed ( for an organisation of the same size ) increases. In such hierarchies, information demands to flux up and down the concatenation of bid. This is true of policy information, plans, orders, and information about the battlespace ( both studies about the enemy and studies about friendly forces ) . The more beds, the longer this takes and the higher the chance of an mistake or deformation. Even today, correspondence to a member of a military bid is officially addressed to the dominating officer of the unit and is so distributed by the central offices. In other words, all information intended for subsidiaries is recognized as belonging to and fluxing through the hierarchy. Indeed, control of information was a major tool for commanding Industrial Age organisations. Industrial Age armed forcess decomposed the battlespace, created superimposed organisations, divided into specialisations, and organized forces into hierarchies. Thinking that this attack transformed the complexness of war and big operations into a aggregation of simple, manageable undertakings and jobs, the Industrial Age military felt that they were able to concentrate on the optimisation of procedures. Virtually all Industrial Age armed forcess created â€Å" approved scenarios † against which their threat-based determinations were optimized. Of class, they experienced troubles when forced to contend against military organisations other than those they had planned against. Given that the elements of military forces were optimized for specific missions under good known and understood fortunes, Industrial Age bid and control processes relied to a great extent on control steps that would deconflict the elements of the force. The ultimate end was to supply each component of the force with the best possible operating environment. This was a natural effect of specialisation and optimisation. Deconfliction is far better than conflicted operations ( where friendly units impede one another ) , but it falls good short of the public presentation possible when military assets are employed synergistically. Planing became a important portion of Industrial Age bid and control because it enabled commanding officers to set up forces and events in clip and infinite so as to maximise the likeliness of success ( mission achievement ) . Industrial Age commanding officers were, nevertheless, aware of the breakability of programs in the face of the harsh and dynamic operating environment of combat. One of the most celebrated citations about planning is, â€Å" No program survives first contact with the enemy. † Understanding the bounds of military programs, commanding officers ( peculiarly in extremely professional forces ) encouraged inaugural ( invention and aggressive actions ) and decentralized executing within the overall commanding officer ‘s purpose. This was non merely a grant to the built-in trouble of anticipating all contingencies. It was besides a contemplation of the fact that the commanding officer on the scene frequently had better information than those removed from the battlespace. Taken together, they create a form correspondent to command theory. The Industrial Age rules and patterns of decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, and deconfliction, combined with Industrial Age bid and control based on centralised planning and decentralised executing, will non allow an organisation to convey all of its information ( and expertness ) or its assets to bear. In add-on, Industrial Age organisations are non optimized for interoperability or legerity. Therefore, solutions based upon Industrial Age premises and patterns will interrupt down and neglect in the Information Age. This will go on no affair how good intentioned, hardworking, or dedicated the leading and the force are. Two cardinal force capablenesss needed by Information Age armed forcess are interoperability and legerity. Organizations that are merchandises of Industrial Age believing are non good suited for important betterments in interoperability or legerity [ 1 ] .3. Network centric warfareNetwork centric warfare ( NCW ) is an emerging theory of war in the Information Age. The term network-centric warfare loosely describes the combination of schemes, emerging tactics, techniques, and processs, and organisations that a to the full or even a partly networked force can use to make a decisive war contending advantage. A networked force carry oning web centric operations ( NCO ) is an indispensable enabler for the behavior of effects based operations. Effectss based operations ( EBO ) are â€Å" sets of actions directed at determining the behaviour of friends, neutrals, and enemies in peace, crisis, and war. † NCW generates increased combat power by networking detectors, determination shapers, and taws to accomplish shared awareness, increased velocity of bid, high pacing of operations, greater deadliness, increased survivability, and a grade of self-synchronization. In kernel, it translates information advantage into combat power by efficaciously associating friendly forces within the battlespace, supplying a much improved shared consciousness of the state of affairs, enabling more rapid and effectual determination devising at all degrees of military operations, and thereby leting for increased velocity of executing. Information engineering progresss in the countries of bid and control ( C2 ) ; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance ( ISR ) ; and preciseness arms bringing are dramatically reshaping the behavior of warfare in the twenty-first century. NCW will speed up the determination rhythm by associating detectors, communications webs, and arms systems via an interrelated grid, thereby heightening our ability to accomplish information and determination high quality over an adversary during the behavior of military operations. While NCW is the theory, web centric operations ( NCO ) is the theory put into action. In other words, the behavior of NCO represents the execution of NCW. The aim of determination high quality is to turn an information advantage into a competitory advantage. This competitory advantage is readily evident when comparing forces carry oning NCO and those runing under the old paradigm of platform centric operations. Platform centric forces lack the ability to leverage the synergisms created through a networked force. A force implementing NCW is more adaptative, ready to react to uncertainness in the really dynamic environment of the hereafter at all degrees of warfare and across the scope of military operations. Over 1000s of old ages of recorded history, the huge bulk of inventions that created important war contending advantages were concentrated in the physical sphere as opposed to the information sphere. These inventions translated chiefly into advantages at the tactical degree of warfare, but they besides had an impact on what are now by and large referred to as the operational and strategic degrees of warfare. They resulted in such battleground advantages as: increased scope of battle, increased deadliness, increased velocity of manoeuvre and increased protection and survivability. While all of these illustrations of invention are considered platform centric, the past century has besides seen many inventions focused on making advantage in the information sphere. The ability to develop and work an information advantage has ever been of import in warfare, therefore the eternity of security and surprise as of import rules of war. While the importance of invention in the information sphere in the yesteryear has been great, its importance has gained critical significance in warfare today [ 2 ] . Fig. 1 The Military as a Network-Centric Enterprise In a more proficient sense, a networked force improves operational pacing by speed uping the Observation-Orientation stages of Boyd ‘s Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action ( OODA ) cringle. Identified during the 1970s by US Air Force strategian John Boyd, the OODA is an abstraction which describes the sequence of events while must take topographic point in any military battle. The opposition must be observed to garner information so the aggressor must point himself to the state of affairs or context, so make up one's mind and move consequently. The OODA cringle is therefore cardinal to all military operations, from strategic down to single combat. It loop is an inevitable portion of world and has been so since the first tribal wars of 25,000 old ages ago, as it is cardinal to any predator-prey interaction in the biological universe. Sadly, its proper apprehension had to wait until the seventiess. At a philosophical and practical degree what confers a cardinal advantage in battles is the ability to remain in front of an opposition and order the pacing of the engagement – to keep the enterprise and maintain an opposition off balance. In consequence, the aggressor forces his opposition into a reactive position and denies the opposition any chance to drive the battle to an advantage. The participant with the faster OODA cringle, all else being equal, will get the better of the opposition with the slower OODA cringle by barricading or pre-empting any move the opposition with the slower OODA cringle efforts to do. The four constituents of the OODA cringle can be split into three which are associated with processing information, and one which is associated with motion and application of firepower. Observation-Orientation-Decision is information centric while Action is kinematic or centered in motion, place and firepower. If we aim to speed up our OODA loops to accomplish higher operational pacing than an enemy, we have to speed up all four constituents of the cringle. Much of 20th century war contending technique and engineering dealt with speed uping the kinetic part of the OODA cringle. Mobility, preciseness and firepower additions were the consequence of this development. There are practical bounds as to how far we can force the kinetic facet of the OODA loop – more destructive arms produce indirect harm, faster platforms and arms incur of all time increasing costs. Consequently we have seen development decelerate down in this sphere since the sixtiess. Many arms and platforms widely used today were designed in the 1950s may stay in usage for decennaries to come. Observation-Orientation-Decision are all about garnering information, administering information, analysing information, understanding information and make up one's minding how to move upon this information. The faster we can garner, administer, analyse, understand information, the faster we can make up one's mind, and arguably the better we can make up one's mind how and when to move in combat. Networking is a mechanism via which the Observation-Orientation stages of the cringle can be accelerated, and the Decision stage facilitated [ 3 ] .DecisionThe warfare in Information Age will be different than warfare in Industrial Age. In order to accomplish a military high quality the military forces should accommodate to the new conditions. The merely networked the existent construction of ground forces is non plenty. A new construction of ground forces must be making which should let exchange of information at a high velocity. At this point the velocity of action will hold a great impact to the bid and control. Command and control can non obey the direction map of planning, forming, staffing, directing and commanding. During the battle the bid and control should obey OODA cringle. In fact during the edifice of force the commanding officer should by a skilled director but during the battle the commanding officer should use command theory that trades with the behaviour of dynamical systems. The OODA cringle is a simple and efficient theoretical account to depict the world of battle.

Jurassic Seas essays

Jurassic Seas essays The sea, being such a rich and vast environment, logically holds a plethora of animals ranging from mammals, reptiles, fish, and so forth. It still remains a place of mystery, danger, and wonder in the modern world today for all those who have ever seen it, though it no longer harbors one of its greatest predators, the ichthyosaurs. In Rulers of the Jurassic Seas, Ryosuke Montani uses personal experience and proven fact to unravel a bit of the mystery surrounding such a creature, explaining its murky origins, its evolution, its swimming style, its decent into the deep, and its ultimate extinction. Primarily, Montani presents information explaining that the ichthyosaurs evolved from not fish, but land-dwelling animals. Their adaptation for water made them quite successful, and able to rule the sea from 245 million to about 90 million years ago approximately the entire time dinosaurs existed on earth. Widely spread out fossils around the world indicate that they migrated extensively, and despite their aquatic appearance, they were most definitely air-breathing reptiles. Montani states that they did not have gills, and their jaw had all the features and traits of that of a reptile. Moreover, they obtained two pairs of limbs, which hinted that perhaps their ancestors once lived on land. All of the stated conclusions were drawn only by the study of one rather late, fish-shaped ichthyosaurs. Their ancestor was built more for land, having stout legs while the later versions obtained flippers, a boneless tail fluke, and a dorsal fin. With the new adaptations and loss of old f eatures, it would have made it difficult to recognize their cousins on land. Due to this lack of evidence, early scientists had no idea as to which vertebrate group they should place the ichthyosaurs. As time progressed, scientists developed new techniques on how to better decipher the relationships among various species. Afterward, most agreed...

How to Write a Research Paper in APA format

How to Write a Research Paper in APA format How to Write a Research Paper in APA format Writing in APA When asked to write a research paper, it can be a very daunting process, but when it is required to be written in APA format it can intimidate even the most competent writer. Foremost in learning how to write a research paper in APA format you will need to understand the APA style and what the basics are in the APA format. The APA format is the official writing style of the American Psychological Association and is used most commonly in psychology, educational and social science papers. Examples of APA research papers would be when one has to write case studies, literature reviews and methodological articles. Before starting to write your research paper in the APA format it is important to pay special attention to the directions given to you in regards to the paper. You will be expected to follow certain guidelines as stipulated by your lecturer. It is also advisable to keep a bibliography of all your sources while you are busy researching your paper, this will allow you to write your reference list with ease once our paper is complete. Writing Your Research Paper A research paper is in short a presentation of your research done on a specific topic. It is based on your information gathered from a variety of sources and allows you a way to communicate them in a logical and clear way. Your paper should include four main sections: Your title page, which should be no longer than twelve words; followed by a comprehensive summary of your paper, which is titled â€Å"Abstract† and should only be around two hundred words; your main section which is the actual essay and where you would present your findings; and lastly, your references which will list all of your sources alphabetically. The basic rules for writing a research paper in APA format are as follows: the recommended typeface is Times New Roman with a 12 point font size. One-inch margins and double spacing are required throughout the paper. Each page must be numbered consecutively, and must be done in Arabic numerals, this will include your title page and reference page. The numbering must appear in the upper right hand corner. Short titles are to be used throughout the paper, which must be a derivation of the title of the paper. I would advise though that you refer to latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association if you are going to tackle writing your own research paper in APA format. APA Research Writing Assistance As you can see to write a research paper in APA format can be a difficult and time consuming task. Our professional writers are well acquainted with APA formatting and will do it flawlessly. Why not order your paper from us and get not only a well formatted paper, but a customized essay that is plagiarism free. Place your order now and let your worries disappear.

ARGUMENT ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ARGUMENT ANALYSIS - Essay Example Initially, Kamenetz rationalized that legal age requirements must be flexible depending on circumstances, valid endeavors and supplemented with specifically identified requirements. As averred, â€Å"legal age requirements should never stand alone. They should be flexible and pragmatic and paired with educational and cognitive requirements for the exercise of legal maturity† (Kamenetz par. 4). Using cognitive faculties, the author progressed by using logical appeals through citing credible contemporary practices. One of the valid supports presented legal regulations in driving. As disclosed, driving laws epitomized the best model for justifying that an early orientation to driving classes would result in more positive outcomes, especially in terms of lesser fatal crashes. The statistics cited was sourced from the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety which conducted a study which revealed that â€Å"the most restrictive of these programs are associated with a 38 percent reduction in fatal crashes among the youngest drivers† (Kamenetz par. 5). Using parallelism, the author expounded the early driving permit example to potentially include its application to voting through a proposed early voting permit. As suggested, a preliminary civics course could be used as a standard requirement for passing to qualify a young citizen to enforce the right to vote. The author further explored the applicability to empowering youngsters to expand the rights, not only to voting, but to include areas such as drinking, marriage, and responsible use of credit cards to manage financial obligations. The author indicated that â€Å"in reality, this is already when most people have their first jobs, their first drinks and their sexual initiations. The law ought to empower young people to negotiate these transitions openly, not furtively† (Kamenetz par. 7). However, the author failed to provide any counter-arguments to balance the proposed expansion of empowering teenage rs to these activities. The strengths of the author in supporting the contentions lie in the effective selection of examples which were effectively backed by reliable sources. The essay was structured in a clear and logical manner that flowed well. The tone was appropriate and formal to effectively manifest professionalism in treating the advocated lowering of voting age. There was no eminent overly expressed intention to use emotional appeal and therefore, the strategy of using logical appeal enhanced the author’s credibility in promoting the advocated cause. One noted weakness was the failure of the author to effectively reference the cited sources (such as the study published by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety). Moreover, there was a cited statistical figure at the concluding paragraph which was not appropriately cited: â€Å"Demographically, those over 85 are our fastest-growing group. By 2020, the entire nation will be about as silver-haired as Florida is todayâ⠂¬  (Kamenetz par. 11). These statements need citations to enable readers to verify their authenticity and reliability. Further, the concluding portion focused more on the threat or risks posed by the aging population that did not tie at all on the author’s thesis statement. There was lack of expounding support for recommending young teenagers at the earliest age of 16 to vote by either providing advantages and also balancing the